ClimMaTech Team

Technology · 9 min read

How far can a siren be heard? Sound propagation and coverage design for community warning

The acoustics behind outdoor warning sirens: distance loss, air absorption, terrain shielding, background noise and building attenuation, with worked numbers and a method for planning coverage in a valley.

Technology · 8 min read

Telemetry for remote hydromet stations: link budgets for GSM, LoRa and satellite

How to decide whether a river station should use cellular, LoRa or satellite, with the path-loss arithmetic, terrain obstruction, duty-cycle limits, airtime, energy and reliability patterns that decide it.

Technology · 7 min read

Tipping-bucket rain gauges: resolution, error sources, siting and calibration

How a tipping-bucket gauge turns rain into pulses, what limits its accuracy at both ends of the intensity range, why the gauge samples almost nothing of the catchment, and how to check one.

Technology · 7 min read

Rating curves: from stage to discharge, and how far to trust them

How a stage-discharge relation is built and fitted, why extrapolating it to a flood is where the largest errors hide, what makes it shift or loop, and what to do about all of it.

Technology · 8 min read

Surface velocity radar for rivers: Doppler physics, the velocity coefficient and noise

How a radar measures the speed of a river it never touches, what the number really represents, where it goes wrong, and how to turn it into discharge with an honest uncertainty.

Technology · 8 min read

Flash floods and river floods: the hydrology of warning time

Why a flash flood leaves minutes and a river flood leaves days, how to work out how much time a system can actually buy, and how that decides sensor placement, reporting rates and alarm design.

Technology · 8 min read

River monitoring in hill and Himalayan catchments: response times, siting, power and detection logic

Steep catchments respond in minutes to hours. Here is the hydrology behind that, and what it means for where sensors go, how they are powered and connected, and how an alarm should be triggered.

Technology · 8 min read

How to specify a river water level station: range, accuracy, mounting, power and data quality

An engineering checklist with the calculations behind it: setting the measuring range, deriving the accuracy you need from the discharge you want, checking beam geometry, sizing power and testing the station before you accept it.

Technology · 13 min read

Radar, ultrasonic, float and pressure water level sensors compared: physics, error budgets and field behaviour

How each of the four common stage sensors actually measures, where its error comes from, and what the standards and field studies say about each. With worked numbers.

Technology · 10 min read

RTDAS explained: architecture, network design and data quality for real time hydromet monitoring

What a real time data acquisition system is made of, how to decide where stations go and how often they report, and what separates a network that works from one that quietly stops.

Technology · 7 min read

Can radar measure river discharge? Methods, uncertainty budgets and what a station can honestly report

Non-contact radar gives you river stage and surface velocity. Turning those into flow takes a surveyed channel, a calibrated coefficient and an honest uncertainty. Here is how the methods compare and how to plan for each.

Solutions · 7 min read

Early warning dissemination: channels, the Common Alerting Protocol and writing a warning people act on

No single channel reaches everyone. How sirens, SMS, cell broadcast and apps complement each other, how the Common Alerting Protocol structures an alert, and what the research says a warning message must contain.

Technology · 8 min read

Inside an AWLR and AWVLR station: interfaces, resolution, power, protection and data integrity

What an automatic river water level recorder is made of, how the sensor talks to the logger and why that choice can cost you millimetres, and what keeps a station honest for years.

Product · 3 min read

Beyond the device: Aagah, DeviceCloud and the Rakshak Control Centre

Sensors and sirens do the work on site. Three pieces of software make sure the right people can see it and act on it.

Product · 3 min read

GSM vs LoRa for flood warning sirens: how the last mile gets its alert

A warning is only as good as its slowest link. A practical look at choosing GSM, LoRa or VSAT for community sirens.

Technology · 3 min read

Edge AI for flood monitoring: seeing the event, not just the number

Why we put the intelligence on the device, and what it means for sites where the network is the first thing to fail.

Solutions · 8 min read

How a flood early warning system works: observation, forecasting, decision and response

A flood warning is a chain of five links. Each has its own engineering, its own failure modes and its own share of the time you have. Here is how the chain fits together, with a worked routing example and the numbers that measure whether it works.

Technology · 2 min read

Why surface velocity matters as much as water level

A river's height tells you how much water there is. Its speed tells you how soon it will arrive.

Technology · 9 min read

How FMCW radar measures water level: chirps, beat frequency, phase and the installed error budget

How a radar that never touches the river reaches millimetre precision, what limits it in the field, and why the accuracy on the datasheet is not the accuracy of the installed station.